John Locke ideas Essay

How did ideas of Locke’s Social Contract influence the Declaration of Independence? John Locke’s ideas influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence by the discussion of equal rights, purpose of the government, and what the people should do to an abusive government. Both in the Declaration of Independence and in the Social Contract John Locke, they list that men should have equal rights. Also they both state the purpose of having a government. Lastly, they say what the people should do if the government does not protect these rights. In the Social Contract by John Locke and in the Declaration of Independence they state that men have rights. In the Social Contract it says â€Å"Men have rights by their nature†¦ We give up our right to ourselves exact [revenge] for crimes in return for [nonjudgmental] justice backed by overwhelming force. We retain the right to life and liberty, and gain the right to just, impartial protection of our property. † Just as in the Declaration of Independence it says â€Å"We hold these truths to be [obvious], that all men are created equal, that they are [entitled] by their Creator with certain [mandatory] Rights, that among these Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. † Therefore the Declaration of Independence got the idea Life, Liberty, and pursuit happiness from the Social Contract. Another idea both the Social Contract and Declaration of Independence have in common is the purpose of the government. John Locke’s Social Contracts States â€Å". Society creates order and grants the state its [purpose]†¦ The only role of the state is to ensure that justice is seen to be done† Corresponding to what the Declaration of Independence states â€Å"That to [protect] these rights, Government are [created] [by] Men, [coming] [from] their [own] powers from the [permission] of the [people]. † These writings both mean that the government has a duty to protect the rights of the people. The last thing John Locke did to influence the Declaration of Independence is he created the idea of what the citizens should do to abusive governments. â€Å"If a ruler seeks absolute power, if the acts both as judge and participant in disputes, he puts himself in a state of ear with his subjects and we have the right and the duty to kill such rulers and their servants. † this was the idea in John Locke’s Social Contract. This is very similar to what the Declaration of Independence, which says â€Å"That whenever any Form of government becomes destructive of these [rights], it is the Right of the People to [change] or to [get] [rid] [of] [it], and to [create] [a] new Government†. Both of these mean that if the government does not protect the rights of the people, the people can overthrow the government. How did ideas of Locke’s Social Contract influence the Declaration of Independence? John Locke’s ideas influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence by the discussion of equal rights, purpose of the government, and what the people should do to an abusive government Men have equal rights is both stated in John Locke’s Social Contract and in the Declaration of Independence. Also they share the purpose of what the government should do. Lastly, they share the responsibilities of what the people should do in a abusive government.

Cooper Industries Case

Managerial Policy| Cooper Industries Case | By: Aena Rizvi, Anum Rinch & Rafia Farooqui| | Introduction: In 1833, an iron foundry was founded by Charles and Elias Cooper in Mount Vernon, Ohio. Overtime, Cooper became the market leader in pipeline compression equipment. Cooper Industries was around 150 years old and was mostly involved in the manufacturing of engines and compressors to facilitate the flow of natural gas through pipelines. They began expanding it around 1960s and for that, more than 60 manufacturing companies were acquired in the following 30 years.This came to be known as the process of Cooperization and some re-known companies became a part of the Cooper banner to form a highly successful and profitable business. Timeline of Important events for Cooper: Year| Event| 1833| Charles and Elias Cooper founded an iron foundry in Mount Vernon, Ohio| 1900| Switching to the production of natural gas compressors| 1920| Cooper became the leader in pipeline compression equipment | 1957| Gene Miller was elected as the president| 958| Cooper suffered a cyclical downturn and a corporate raider acquired enough shares to elect two board members| 1961| Miller recruited Robert Cizik as chief assistant for corporate development from Standard Oil| 1965| The company formally adopted the name ‘Cooper Industries’| 1967| Headquarters were moved to Houston| | Diversification began and Cooper acquired Lufkin Rule Company| | Bill Rector was appointed as Corporate Vice President and given capital to develop the Tool Group| 1968| Cooper acquired Crescent Niagara| 969| Cizik became Chief Operating Officer| 1970| Cooper acquired Weller Manufacturing Corporation| | Tool Group set up its headquarters in Apex, North Carolina| | C. Baker Cunningham joined the corporate planning department at Cooper| | Cooper purchased Dallas Air Motive| 1970-1988| Cooper Divested 33 businesses| 1971| Cunningham joined the Tool Group as director finance and introduced a new computer sy stem to manage inventories, sales, shipping and billing for all tool products | 1972| Cooper acquired Nicholson Company| 974| Cooper’s acquisitions had relocated their manufacturing operations to new plants mostly in the South | 1975| Robert Cizik became CEO and formed Corporate Level Manufacturing Services Group| 1976| Cooper purchased Superior, maker of engines and natural gas compressors| 1979| Cooper purchased Gardner-Denver| 1981| Crouse-Hinds was acquired| | Cooper acquired Kirsch| | Cooper sold off its Airmotive Division| | Compression, Drilling and Energy Equipment generated 50% revenues and 60% operating profits| 1984| Purchasing council was established| 1985| Cooper acquired McGraw Edison | 987| Cooper expanded its industrial compressor business by purchasing Joy’s air and turbo compressor business for $140 million| 1988| Cooper was a broadly diversified manufacturer of electrical and general industrial products, and energy-related machinery and equipment| | Electrical and Electronic (E&E) became Cooper’s largest segment, generated 50% corporate sales and 57% operating profits | | Acquisitions in the Tool Group were consolidated and new manufacturing facilities were constructed| | Compression Drilling and Energy Equipment accounted for 21% sales and less than 10% of operating profit|Vision, Mission and Corporate Strategy: Cooper’s success lied in making high quality products that become important input for other products such as turbine compressors. They wanted to be a company with a steady stream of income which is why they always went after ventures that were profitable. They made sure they had no cash flow of liquidity issues just to ensure this. Moreover, they were more interested in being an owning company rather than just a holding company.To make sure of this they made their acquired companies adapt to their benefit plans etc so that the whole organization on a whole is consistent in policy making. They even made su re that they were deeply involved in all the acquisitions they made so that they do not end up making mistakes by acquiring a wrong company. Cooper’s President, Gene Miller’s ideology was to not restrict operations to the production of engines only. This was reflected in the business decisions when Cooper began to diversify and widen its product ranges.Cooper’s acquisition strategies were well planned and they were not left to the professional managers on the grounds that they could do justice to any product categories or manufacturing processes. Great importance was given on understanding the culture and customs of the areas in which Cooper operated and diversification only took place when the prospects looked profitable. There was a limit to diversification and special attention was paid to the timing of acquisitions. Most of the companies that Cooper aimed at acquiring were market leaders who maintained records of high quality manufacturing.Cooper’s jo urney was not about acquisitions and additions only. After a business had served its useful purpose, it was divested because clinging to the past would only reduce chances of future success. Between 1970 and 1988, Cooper divested 33 businesses. Cooper also ventured into the aircraft service business by purchasing Dallas Airmotive which was mainly involved in the repair and lease of jet engines as well as the distribution of aircraft parts and supplies. After this, Cooper turned to its Energy Division and concentrated all its efforts there.Energy Divisions’ rising profits made up for the falling sales of hand tools. Cooper’s biggest merger was the purchase of Gardner-Denver, which was equal in size to Cooper and manufactured machinery for petroleum exploration, mining and general construction. One advantage of this merger was that Cooper’s needs of exploration; production, transmission, distribution and storage for oil and natural gas were met. However there were some problems with Gardner-Denver too as it was a company that lacked planning and control and its sales force was not motivated enough to steer the company in the ight direction. Unlike Cooper, the management style at Gardner-Denver was too centralized. Cooper had to change all these things subsequently in order to align Gardner-Denver with the values and business practices of Cooper industries. By late 1970’s Cooper came up with the ‘acquisition by necessity’ idea when it was acquiring Colorado Fuel & Iron (CF&I) which mainly took place because CF&I has stopped producing 1095 Steel and it was really expensive for Cooper to buy it from another German company.Crouse-Hinds was another crucial acquisition in the history of Cooper and in the words of Mr. Cizik, this was a ‘true diversification’ as compared to that of Gardner-Denver which was more of a complimentary nature. However the Crouse-Hinds acquisition was criticized on the grounds that it reduc ed Cooper’s exposure to the booming oil and gas industry. Cooper built a reputation in the electrical industry such that it came under the ambit of one of the best-managed companies. Some of Cooper’s acquisitions looked decisive such as the purchase of Kirsch (world’s largest manufacturer of drapery hardware).But actually they were not based on impulse and such opportunities are normally short-lived. Had Cooper not taken advantage of such opportunities then some other company would have. Cooper had a very flexible management style unlike other companies and it consolidated most of its acquisitions in order to maintain uniformity. Manufacturing Services Group made Cooper a quality conscious company that had state of the art Management Information Systems. It used benchmarking and cross-referencing to improve the production methods.Manufacturing Services Group also initiated training of engineering school graduates and this equipped the employees at Cooper with th e necessary skills. Cooper followed the Hay system for salaries and people with the same ranks throughout the organization had similar salaries. These salaries were at par with the industry average. EVP’s at Cooper had a management-by-exception philosophy and they only interfered in the management of a division if its performance suffered or when the division violated the boundaries set by the strategic planning process.Cooper believed that ‘cash-flow is king’ because a strong cash flow position enables Cooper to pursue acquisitions. SWOT Analysis Strengths| Weaknesses| * Highly diversified hence lower risk * Acquisition of market leaders was done based on research and not on impulse. * It had a flexible management style * Understood the cultures and customs of the areas in which it operated * Divested businesses that served their useful purpose * Focus on profitability led to the success of the firm * Due to numerous acquisitions, $1. 8 billion of Cooper’ s $1. 77 billion stockholder’s equity was goodwill| * ‘Lean and mean’ cost structure due to which many RTE senior managers left within a year after acquisition * Cooper exercised centralized control over corporate policy * Cooper retained too much control with itself which is evident in its control on working capital * Too much focus on profitability| Opportunities| Threats| * Manufacturing Services Group will make Cooper a leader in manufacturing functions. Due to Management Development and Planning, Cooper has a very rich organizational culture and hence more successful market leaders would be willing to merge with Cooper in the future. | * Downturns in industries such as electrical industry can make Cooper resort to cost cutting and layoffs rigidly. * After a merger or acquisition Cooper requires the new company to adopt its benefits package for medical insurance and pensions which leads to dissatisfaction and may make Cooper known as a conservative company|Co nclusion: Cooper remained a market leader in pipeline compressors and engines. It has always focused on being identified as a quality company and pursued only those companies for acquisitions and mergers that were market leaders, had strong core competencies and were successful in their respective industries. It had an eye for rewarding opportunities and took full advantage of them when came across one of these.

CARL ROGER’S19 propositions Essay

CARL ROGER’S 19 PROPOSITIONS PROPOSITION 1: HUMAN EXPERIENCE AT ACONCIOUS AND UNCONCIOUS LEVEL Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he is the centre. PROPOSITION 2: HUMAN PERCEPTION The organism reacts to the field as it is experienced and perceived. This perceptual; field is, for the individual, reality. PROPOSITION 3: WHOLENESS The organism reacts as a whole to this phenomenal field. PROPOSITION 4: SELF-DETREMENATION The organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism. PROPOSITION 5: NEEDS AND BEHAVIOUR Behaviour is basically the goal-directed attempt of the organism to satisfy its needs as experience, in the field as perceived. PROPOSITION 6: EMOTIONS Emotion accompanies and in general facilitates such goal directed behaviour, the kind of emotion being related to the socking versus the consummatory aspects of the behaviour, and the intensity of the emotion being related to the perceived significance of the behaviour for the maintenance and enhancement of the organism. PROPOSITION 7: FRAME OF REFERENCE The best vantage point for understanding behaviour is from the internal frame of reference for the individual himself. PROPOSITION 8: THE SELF A portion of the total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self. PROPOSITION 9: THE SELF AND SIGNIFICANT OTHERS As a result of interaction with the environment, and particularly as a result of evaluational interaction with others, the structure of self is formed – an organized, fluid, but consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relationships of the â€Å"I† or the â€Å"me† together with values attached to these concepts. PROPOSITION 10: VALUES:OWN AND ADOPTED FROM OTHERS The values attach themselves to experiences, and the values which are a part of the self structure, in some instances are values experienced directly by the organism, and in some instances are values introjected or taken over from others, but perceived in distorted fashion, as if they had been experienced directly. PROPOSITION 11: DEALING WITH EXPERIENCES AT CONCIOUS AND UNCONCIOUS LEVEL As experiences occur in the life of the individual, they are either (a) symbolised, perceived, and organized into some relationship to the self, (b) ignored because there is no perceived relationship to the self – structure, ( c ) denied symbolisation or given a distorted symbolization because the experience is inconsistent with the structure of the self. PROPOSITION 12: SELF AND BEHAVIOUR Most of the ways of behaving which are adopted by the organism are those which are inconsistent with the concept of self. PROPOSITION 13: BEHAVIOUR AND UNCONCIOUS EXPERIENCES Behaviour may, in some instances, be brought about by organic experiences and needs which have not been symbolized. Such behaviour may be inconsistent with the structure of the self, but in such instances the behaviour is not â€Å"owned† by the individual. PROPOSITION 14: PSYCHOLOGICAL TENSION Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies to awareness significant sensory and visceral experiences, which consequently are not symbolised and organized into the gestalt of the self-structure. When this situation exists, there is a basic or potential psychological tension. PROPOSITION 15: RECONSTRUCTION OF SELF Psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all the sensory and visceral experiences of the organism are, or may be, assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of self. PROPOSITION 16: DEFENCE OF SELF Any experience which is inconsistent with the organization or structure of self may be perceived as a threat and the more of these perceptions there are, the more rigidly the self-structure is organized to maintain itself. PROPOSITION 17: CONDITIONS FOR CHANGE Under certain conditions, involving primarily complete absence of any threat to the self structure, experiences which are inconsistent with it may be perceived, and examined, and the structure of self revised to assimilate and include such experiences. PROPOSITION 18: ACCEPTANCE OF SELF When the individual perceives and accepts into one consistent and integrated system all his sensory and visceral experiences, then he is necessarily more understanding of others and is more accepting of others as separate individuals. PROPOSITION 19: DEVELOPING YOUR OWN VALUING PROCESS As the individual perceives and accepts into his self-structure more of his organic experiences, he finds that he is replacing his present value system – based so largely upon introjections which have been distortedly symbolized – with a continuing organismic valuing process.

Domain Name System Security Extensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domain Name System Security Extensions - Essay Example It is a collection of extensions to DNS that offer the DNS clients origin verification of DNS data, data reliability and authenticated defiance of existence. When you spend some time on the Internet either sending an e-mail or browsing the Web, you make use of domain name servers without even recognizing it. DNS is an extremely important part of the internet but totally to the user. The DNS structure forms one of the principals and most vigorous distributed databases on the globe. With no DNS, the Internet would fail instantly, thus it must be properly maintained and the proper security system put in place to secure it from people with bad intentions. Similar to the majority of the early Internet protocols, DNS was not meant to bear it does nowadays. It was not made with an Internet-as-e-commerce stage in mind as it is today. It was too not made to deal with cache poisoning, phishers, farmers, denial-of-service attacks, spammers or any kind of scammer. DNS reached its twenty-fifth in 2008, and started showing its age with major flaws in the system. Mimoso (2008, p1) says DNS was made as a "modest" substitute of host tables that were applied in keeping track of network machines. The ending outcome was the DNS we have come to recognize and love: a protocol that interprets domain names into IP addresses. This is what was required back in January 1, 1983 when machines on the ARPANET were needed to change to the TCP/IP protocol. What's required today is DNSSEC, which help defend against various attack against DNS servers, be it enterprise servers or the root DNS servers that control the Internet and have double fruitfully been attacked. DNSSEC offers source authentication of DNS data, data reliability and genuine denial of existence, as per the project's website. Various problems have subdued widespread deployment, including issues with scalability and well-suitability with diverse DNS servers. It is generally believed that making the DNS safe is critically vital for securing the entire Internet; however implementation of DNSSEC particularly has been held back by the difficulty of working out a backward-compatible set that can scale to the range of the Internet, avoiding "zone enumeration" where necessary, positioning DNSSEC implementations over a wide range of DNS servers and clients, disparity among major players over who ought to own the Top Level Domains such as .com, .net and .org root keys and finally conquering the perceived complication of DNSSEC and DNSSEC operation. A number of these problems are in the course of being determined, and deployments in a range of domains have started to take place.

Management environment of Kuwait Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management environment of Kuwait - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that management environment is how the management programs of an organization are organized in a systematic and comprehensive manner. It includes the structure of the organization, the resources, and the planning for developing, implementation and maintenance of a better maintenance policy for the well-being of the organization in question. The management environment is aimed at ensuring a smooth running of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in the organization. It is upon the management to see to it that the organization reaches its goals and objectives, to ensure that it maintains a competitive advantage. It is important for organizations to join collaborations and keep good relationships with other countries. Most of the organizations in Kuwait are complex and it is for the managers to manage and reduce complexity to structure organizations. It is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The strengths and weaknesses are i nternal factors while opportunities and threats are external factors. It is an important tool to audit and analyze the strategic position of the business and its overall environment. It is aimed at identifying the best strategies capable of aligning the organizational resources and capabilities to the environmental requirements of the firm’s operation. It is aimed at evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the probable opportunities and threats that originate from the external environment. It is able to view all the positive and the negative factors both inside and outside the firm that affects the success of the organization. Studying the environment is capable of forecasting the changing trends and helps in the decision making of the organization. It is a concept that is evident in the marketing principles. It enables companies to enable the tracking of the environment in which they are operating in or are planning to venture in. It is an acronym for political , economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors often use it. It ensures that the business environment is viewed from various angles that one needs to keep track while contemplating on the idea or plan in question. It is crucial for an industry since it defines what the company should do and accounts for the goals and strategies of the organization.

Salvador Dalis Surrealist Concept of Paranoia Essay

Salvador Dalis Surrealist Concept of Paranoia - Essay Example The essay "Salvador Dali’s Surrealist Concept of Paranoia" concerns the concept of paranoia by Salvador Dali. J.H. Matthews argues that surrealism â€Å"is a higher sense of reality†. It is difficult to discern who are the surrealist and the precise definition of the movement surrealism. Commonly, in literature the description is occasionally appropriated by critics to ‘card-carrying’ affiliates of the movement and sometimes to authors who convey themselves in a manner usually recognized to be surrealistic, such as the application of automatic writing, in-depth immersion to the unconscious, to Freud, to scandalous concurrences; in works of art, a number of artists, regardless of their styles and techniques or intellectual memberships, cannot be attributed as whatever thing but surrealist. Only a scholar would rebuff that Dali was a surrealist since he was expelled from the movement. Indeed, Dali participated in the surrealists program in the early thirties and, in his personal frame of mind, was envoy of the movement’s majority, which he regarded to be detrimental of aged values, revolutionary and unprincipled; he has alleged Andre Breton as the one who truly betrayed the movement with his socialist bearing and metaphysical knowledge. in all respects Dali found it a procedure in sum too submissive for his objective. He then turned into on what he referred to as the technique of critical paranoia, and there is a clause of his bizarre declaration of guilt, entitled ‘The Secret Life of Salvador Dali’.

Nursing Assessment and Care of a Patient Following a CVA Essay

Nursing Assessment and Care of a Patient Following a CVA - Essay Example He has not passed urine since admission. He exhibits some paresis, and is leaking saliva at the right side of his mouth. Two possible nursing diagnosis related to this patient’s condition include: Risk for aspiration related to impaired swallowing secondary to cerebrovascular accident; Risk for falls related to bodily weakness, secondary to CVA. This paper shall discuss the patient’s assessment data and interventions which can be implemented for the patient. Body Assessment 1: Risk for aspiration related to impaired swallowing secondary to cerebrovascular accident. This nursing diagnosis relates to this patient’s assessment data because the patient’s swallowing reflex is compromised and he is also unable to control his saliva flow into his tracheobronchial passages. As a result, his saliva getting into his bronchial tubes and on to his lungs is a significant possibility. Two priority nursing interventions to address the problem includes: clear secretions f rom the mouth or throat with a tissue of gentle suction; and maintain side-lying position. Clear secretions from the mouth or throat with a tissue of gentle suction This intervention would involve the regular checking of the patient’s mouth for saliva build-up, clearing such build-up with a tissue or via gentle suction. Preventing saliva build-up in the mouth prevents the saliva from flowing down the throat and into the bronchial tubes and lungs, thereby preventing aspiration (Carpenito-Moyet, 2008). Moreover, cleaning of the oral cavity would also help prevent the build-up of bacteria. Since the patient manifests right-sided hemiparesis, there is a need to assist the patient in controlling the saliva flow, and prevent such from flowing unconsciously down his throat. Cleaning and suctioning the mouth is suitable because it can easily reduce saliva flow and it can be managed well as an independent nursing intervention by the nurse (Carpenito-Moyet, 2008). Cleaning and suctioni ng the patient’s mouth would also prevent bacteria build-up and prevent any additional health issues, like aspiration pneumonia, which may arise from the patient’s current condition. Suctioning may however also promote dryness in the patient’s mouth, therefore, the suctioning must not be excessive. Suctioning may also cause oral and throat irritation. If not properly and carried out under sterile conditions, it may promote bacteria build-up (Carpenito-Moyet, 2008). Suctioning must therefore be carried out gently and with the proper application of sterile techniques. The application of suctioning among patients whose swallowing reflexes have been compromises has been proven an effective practice by various researches. In a paper by Coffman, et.al., (2007) the authors sought to investigate the benefits of using cuffed tracheotomy tubes in order to suction patient’s saliva. The authors were able to establish a significant decrease in aspirate with the use of intermittent suction. In effect, the authors concluded that the use of suctions can reduce the risk of aspiration and therefore reduce the patient’s risk for aspiration. This was also echoed in the study by Yoon and Steele (2007), where the authors highlighted the fact that proper oral care is an effective way of reducing incidents of aspiration pneumonia and bacterial colonization in the mouth. Evaluation criteria to establish efficacy of the intervention is

The Importance of Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Importance of Identity - Essay Example In essence, it is argued that although ones identity is associated with good things, there is also a bad side of it. For example, some people may fear being identified with certain race or ethnicity with a perception or a belief that other races or ethnic groups are better than others. In fact, people of a certain race may be discriminated against by people of a different race especially where racism is prominent. Identity is also argued to be ones beliefs and personality. These traits constitute what people are and what they stand for. For example, in leadership, the belief of integrity in leadership may portray a picture of what one stands for, and this is what other people identify a leader with. Another example is that, if one believes in success, it is apparent that such a person would thoroughly prepare for an interview, and because of confidence and the thorough preparation, the interviewer finds a distinct personality in the interviewee, something that is factored into when recruiting people. Talent is also another form of identity, which people are identified with. It is what one is best known for that makes one distinct from others. Most of the things that happen to people are as a result of their identity. Although there is natural and constructed identity, in most cases, constructed identity occupies the biggest part of people’s lives. All in all, identity is vital in people’s

Nursing education in the present-day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nursing education in the present-day - Essay Example The key to this problem is difference between expectations and reality. The university-workplace transition is, therefore, marked by the students' expectations of the graduate year and the hard reality that they encounter in the workforce setting (Heslop, L. et al., 2001). In response to this perceived gap and in response to the understanding that this will affect the employee satisfaction and employee retention, most of the hospitals developed transition programmes, such as, nurse externship that offered the fresh graduates scope to develop clinical skills enough to enter the formal work force. The conditions that promoted such a plan still exist, and now the authorities having seen the benefits of such transition programmes and having sensed the stresses commonly faced by new registered nurses are stressing on the successful transition of the new graduates to the registered nurse role (Starr, K., and Conley, V.M. 2006). The three factors inherent in special attention to the transition phase of a registered nurse are changes in nursing condition, changing nursing education and healthcare trends, and the reality shock that the new nurses experience. The other agenda was to ease the transition from a student to registered nurse by creating opportunities for the new nurses to acquire basic nursing skill competence and to develop confidence in practice (Allison et al., 1984). The benefits would be immense. If the registered nurses continue to work in the same environment in the second year of practice, the falls and falters of the first year in the phase of transition would enrich the nurses' experience and would allow them to develop a customized strategy for the same environment, if not by experience, at least by...Wellington: Ministry of Health, Published in January 2004 by the Ministry of Health, PO Box 5013, Wellington, New Zealand. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and British Medical Association ( 2000). Teamworking in Primary Healthcare. Realizing Shared Aims in Patient Care. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and British Medical Association.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study - Essay Example It has also been viewed that investing in water and energy conservation, replacing linen bed cover, pillow covers with cotton products, and most significantly renovation of the hotel with environment friendly products have helped in establishing eco-friendly environment attracting more customers. In-depth analysis of case scenario has further revealed about the benefits specially replacing non-toxic cleaning agent with the ecofriendly cleaning agent. Additionally, it was also found that the toxic material present within it can lead to the occurrence of critical diseases such as cancer, reproductive disorders, respiratory ailments, and eye and skin irritations. Additionally, it has been analyzed that the advanced environmental sustainability initiatives assist the hotel to generate new business with government, non-government agencies and corporate bodies. In this context, this further assisted the hotel to gain goodwill within the market, which ultimately resulted in its success. The cost incurred while installing the eco-friendly equipment’s can be expensive. However, it can be stated that cost would help in attracting more customers who are more conscious about the environmental matters or believe in eco-friendly activities (Lawrence and weber 484- 489). 2. Kimpton EarthCare program was develop with the prime motive of establishing an eco-friendly environment within the hotel by using superior quality, non-invasive, eco-friendly products and services at all the branches of the hotel located all over the United States of America and other countries of its establishment. The accelerated industrial activities along with rapid increase in adapting products that contribute harmful chemicals in the environment are forcing the common masses to adapt eco-friendly products to avoid healthcare issues. Additionally, it has been viewed that the government of different countries and non-government organization are adapting measurements to spread the awareness of ad apting eco-friendly products. In this regard Kimpton EarthCare program provides a new dimension in the hotel industry. This program not only adapts new measurement to introduce different nontoxic cleaning products but also aims on adapting practices that would help mainly focus on printing 35 percent ‘post-consumer recycled paper’, saving almost 24,000 pounds of woods. The program also plans to recycle 100 glass bottles every month that would help in saving energy equal of powering almost 100-watt light bulbs for 60 days. Additionally, the policy of recycling paper and to use soy ink to print on recycle paper and the plan to introduce organic coffee in all the lobby of the hotel would help in reducing cost and also help in attracting customers by providing them with the best quality product. The policy of replacing the normal electric bulb with energy efficient bulb would help in reducing 70 percent of the total energy consumed. It is also worth mentioning that adapting such a huge change would also help in attracting association towards the hotel which would indirectly help it

Today’s “Alternative” Newspapers Essay Example for Free

Today’s â€Å"Alternative† Newspapers Essay Two fundamental cultural currents swept through America in the latter half of the Twentieth Century. In the mid-1950’s the Beat Generation began flourish primarily cour-tesy of the â€Å"hip† authors of the time: Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and William S. Bur-roughs. Within a short decade the second wave, arguably built on the first, known as â€Å"hippies† developed primarily through the young musicians of the era: The Warlocks, later known as The Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane to name just two. Along with the music came the War in Vietnam, the Civil Rights Movement, campus protests and a very healthy distrust of anyone over thirty and anything of Mainstream America. The flower children of the sixties had no trust of the â€Å"establishment† newspapers and alternative â€Å"free presses† came into being. Like most things in popular culture the East and West Coast took the lead and eventually any city of size or any city with a large university had a â€Å"radical† free press. Two of the oldest were The Village Voice in New York (Greenwich Village) was born in 1955. The West Coast had the LA Free Press, es-tablished in 1965. These two â€Å"alternative†, â€Å"radical† or â€Å"underground† papers were the strongest and most influential of the genre which included The Detroit Free Press, the Berkeley Barb and the San Francisco Oracle among a host of others. (1) All of the papers shared an â€Å"in your face† attitude towards â€Å"Amerika† as their edi-tors preferred to write. All of the papers were ferociously opposed to the War in Vietnam, the â€Å"military-industrial complex† and traditional politicians. Their reporters religiously covered every rock music show that came to town and every album they produced. Popu-lar â€Å"underground† comics, such as The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Susie Cream-cheese and Mr. Natural provided ribald if not pornographic humor. Not to be forgotten was some of the strangest classified ads to ever be published. As Grace Slick, songstress and radical voice of the Jefferson Airplane proclaimed at Woodstock, â€Å"It’s a new dawn. † Times changed and virtually all of the free presses faded like so many denim jeans. The two notable exceptions just happened to be the oldest, The Village Voice and the LA Free Press. Both have gone from hard copy newsprint found in â€Å"head shops† to electronic print found by Google. But the attitude remains. The LA Free Press, always the most radical, lists a daily death count of Iraqi citizens and bills itself as â€Å"the true alternative to corporate controlled media. † (2) The Village Voice is still growing on its radical liberal roots but has a mellower style and prefers to rejoice in all things New York. (3) Despite their longevity and acceptance by a now-international audience, either paper would still blanch at the thought of being considered â€Å"mainstream† and both are still in-fluential, entertaining and worth reading. Works Cited (1) Stephens,Mitchell. â€Å"History of Newspapers†. Colliers Encyclopedia On-Line. http://www. nyu. edu/classes/stephens/Colliers%20page. htm (2) The Los Angeles Free Press. http://www. losangelesfreepress. com/ (3) The Village Voice. http://www. villagevoice. com/

Erasmus vs Luther; Discourse on Free

Erasmus vs Luther; Discourse on Free Will Essay The Erasmus-Luther Discourse on Free Will begins with the Diatribe concerning free will, written by Erasmus. Luther then refutes Erasmus Diatribe with The Bondage of the Will. The question being debated is whether man is in control of his own will, or whether everything is preordained by God, thus leaving man without free will. Their diverging philosophies have been interpreted as being the basic difference between Catholic and Protestant positions regarding free will. This debate offers two very conflicting views, although both philosophies were basic principles in their respective religions. Erasmus builds his argument without a solid foundation; like building a house without a foundation, it can easily crumble. Thus, Luther convincingly attacks Erasmus Diatribe. Erasmus holds that man is left with the choice of doing either good or evil. It is mans choice and therefore, free will exists. In the opinion of Erasmus, the freedom of the will in Holy Scriptures is as follows: if on the road to piety, one should continue eagerly to improve; if one has become involved in sin, one should make every effort to extricate oneself, and to solicit the mercy of the Lord. Two conclusions concerning Erasmus beliefs can be drawn from this statement; firstly that man can himself find repentance and secondly that God is infallible, meaning that a person engages in evil acts with his own will. The definition of free will given by Erasmus is the power of the human will whereby man can apply to or turn away from that which leads unto eternal salvation. While addressing the topic of Adam and Eve, Erasmus states, In man, will was so good and so free that even without additional grace it could have remained in a state of innocence, though not without help of grace could it attain the blessedness of eternal life, as the Lord Jesus promised his people. Erasmus, therefore, believes eternal salvation is attainable with the help and mercy of God, but Erasmus also believes that Adam and Eve caused man to have original sin. Erasmus goes on to write, In those without extraordinary grace the reason is darkened, but not extinguished. Probably the same occurs to the power of the will: it is not completely extinct but unproductive of virtuous deeds. In short Erasmus believed that man has free will and therefore is punished or rewarded according to the choices he makes. He backs his argument with many quotes from the scripture but so does Luther, thus the argument shifts, and the sense of scripture is the debate. Luther, who wrote The Bondage of the Will to refute what Erasmus had written in the Diatribe, disagrees; stating that man does not have freedom of the will. In the first few pages, Luther proclaims The Holy Scripture is no skeptic, and what He has written into our hearts are no doubts or opinions, but assertions more certain and more firm that all human experience in life itself. Furthermore, he goes on to say The essence of Christianity which you (Erasmus) describe is without Christ, without the Spirit, and chillier than ice Luther immediately implies that Erasmus has not been saved. Luther abhors those who claim to be self-reformers, once again contradicting Erasmus. You say: Who will reform his life? I answer: Nobody! No man can! God has no time for you self-reformers, for they are all hypocrites. The elect who fear God will be reformed by the Holy Spirit. Perhaps the quote that best exemplifies Luthers position is as follows: Thus the human will is like the beast of burden. If God rides it, it wills and goes whence God wills; as the Psalm says, I was a beast of burden before thee (Psalm 72:22) If Satan rides, it wills and goes where Satan wills. Nor may it choose to which rider it will run, nor which it will seek. But the riders themselves contend who shall have and hold it. This philosophy contends that both good and evil are worked by a higher being. Both authors in this work make reference to Judas and his betrayal of Christ. Both parties acknowledge the foreknowledge of God, but Luther proclaims that God willed it. Thus the Protestant faith grew on the principles of predestination and the absolute belief that the scriptures are to be interpreted literally. At no point does Luther ever stray from the central point of his refutation, proving Erasmus wrong by presenting the conclusive evidence needed. Erasmus, on the other hand, never really plants his feet in this argument. Erasmus covers his tracks by changing the terms of the debate throughout his work. For example, Erasmus fails to define the limits within which the reader should think that the will is being acted upon. One can not conclude that Erasmus does not fully believe what he states in his Diatribe, but he admittedly discloses I have always preferred playing the freer field of the muses, than fighting ironclad in close combat. Erasmus proclaims that their debate is in the sense of scripture, yet how can one who defends free will pigeonhole the interpretation of the reader? Luther is much more direct in laying out his arguments and criticizes Erasmus for stating a bare definition without explaining its parts. The debate has very much become a personal matter by the time Luthers discourse commences. There is no mutual agreement whatsoever, thus it is easy to see why the views of Catholics and Protestants were so divergent. Erasmus is clearly trying to convince his readers, most particularly Luther, that free will does indeed exist. Luther continues to stay his course and states that God wills all. Everything is preordained, evil included. Of the assertions, Luther simply states one must delight in assertions to be a Christian at all! While Erasmus seems leery to take a firm stance in his debate, he is changing the circumstances of the debate, which clearly is an attempt to prevent Luther from pinning him down in Luthers The Bondage of the Will. After thoroughly refuting everything Erasmus has stated, Luther proclaims that Erasmus has asserted nothing but made comparisons . Whether there be complete merit in either mans philosophy, Luther has quite convincingly made Erasmus position appear flawed.

Hoofdonderwerp: drugs in de sport

Hoofdonderwerp: drugs in de sport Inleiding We hebben voor het onderwerp drugsgebruik (in de sport) gekozen, omdat we meer willen weten over de effecten van drugs op het menselijk lichaam en wat voor schade dit een mens aan kan richten. Sporten spreekt ons beiden heel erg aan, vandaar dat we voor de combinatie drugsgebruik in de sport hebben gekozen. In de sport hoor je steeds meer over het gebruik van een drugs om de prestaties te verbeteren, zoals bijvoorbeeld EPO in het wielrennen. Wij willen gaan uitzoeken waardoor de drugs de prestaties van een mens kan verbeteren, maar vooral ook waarom sommige drugs schadelijk kunnen zijn voor de gezondheid. Het is ook een zeer actueel onderwerp, kijk maar naar bijvoorbeeld de verdediger van Sevilla, Puerta , die door gebruik van EPO plots in mekaar zakte op het voetbalveld, zonder enig contact met een tegenstander. Er kon ook meteen geconstateerd worden dat het om de drugs EPO ging. Door dit soort nieuws heeft het ons aangetrokken wat de drugs met een lichaam kan doen en dit willen wij dus gaan uitzoeken. Algemene informatie over drugs (doping) in sport Waarom gebruiken sporters doping? Het is voor een normaal mens erg belangrijk om een uitstekende conditie te hebben en dus voor topsporters helemaal. Zij moet keer op keer een topprestatie kunnen leveren. Dit doen sporters meestal door een evenwichtige balans van rust, voeding en beweging. Als sporters dan doping toevoegen aan bijvoorbeeld hun voeding, dan heeft dit meestal een gunstig effect op hun prestaties. Maar hoe werkt die doping nou eigenlijk? Sportprestaties, die voor een groot deel zijn terug te voeren tot spierprestaties, vereisen een in optimaal verkerend spierstelsel dat ze op de juiste manier moet worden onderhouden. Hierbij heeft een scheikundig proces een grote invloed. De voeding die de spieren uit het bloed haalt bestaat voornamelijk uit suikers, met name druivensuiker. Deze suikers worden in de spieren verbrand tot melkzuur. Deze stof wordt beschouwd als een soort vermoeidheidsstof die via de bloedbaan overal in het lichaam komt, en dus ook in de hersenen. Dit vermoeidheidsverschijnsel dient niet a lleen om het wegspoelen van stofwisselingsproducten te bevorderen maar ook om rust te geven aan de lichaamscellen. Een sporter komt dan op het dode punt en raakt volledig uitgeput en dreigt in elkaar te zakken. Er zijn echter ervaren topsporters die weten dat ze dit dode punt kunnen overwinnen. Dit doen ze door hun reserve-energie vrij te maken. Maar ook al kunnen sporters dit, er blijft altijd een moment wanneer de hersenen een einde maken aan onze inspanningen, dit doen de hersenen om het lichaam te behoeden tegen overbelasting. Dit is het moment waarop de doping sporters kan helpen. De meeste doping schakelt namelijk het alarmsysteem van de hersenen uit waardoor sporters langer door kunnen gaan. Als het alarmsysteem uitgeschakeld is wordt het lichaam enorm op de proef gesteld zonder dat je het voelt, want je voelt bijvoorbeeld geen pijn, duizeligheid en vermoeidheid. Ook de levensnoodzakelijke lichaamsreserves worden nu zonder waarschuwing opgebruikt, dit leid vaak tot vergiftigi ngsverschijnselen. De meeste dopinggevallen komen voor in het wielrennen en beroepsvoetbal. Het gebruik van doping werd ontdekt doordat wielrenners of voetballers opeens morsdood neervielen, zonder enige doodsoorzaak. Dit kwam doordat de eerste doping nog niet echt goed was waardoor de sporters dus hun volledige reserves verbrandde. Doping kan ook heel negatieve psychische effecten hebben, zoals verslaving en depressie. Dit gebeurd doordat een sporter beseft dat hij zonder doping niet goed genoeg is. Wat zijn de meest voor komende drugs in sport? Je hebt verschillende soorten drugs die voor verschillende dingen kunnen dienen, sommige drugs benvloeden je gevoelens, bijvoorbeeld marihuana. Andere dienen voor betere prestaties, deze drugs worden veel in de sport gebruikt, dit is echter strafbaar en het kan slecht aflopen, met bijvoorbeeld hartaanvallen. Hieronder staan drugs die veel gebruikt worden in de sport, vanwege verbeterende prestaties van de sporter die de drugs gebruikt of heeft gebruikt. -EPO (erytropoà «tine) -Anabolica -Cocane -(ARA)NESP -HemAssist, -Oxyglobine -RSR-13 -Gentherapie -Amfetamine EPO (erytropoà «tine) Een van de belangrijkste functies van bloed is het transporteren van zuurstof door het lichaam. De rode bloedcellen in ons lichaam binden de zuurstof die tijdens de ademhaling wordt opgenomen. Het gedeelte dat het zuurstof bind heet hemoglobine. Hemoglobine is een roodgekleurd eiwit. EPO staat voor etytropoà «tine, het bestaat uit een eiwitgedeelte en een koolhydraatgedeelte. EPO is een hormoon dat als functie het controleren en stimuleren van de productie van rode bloedcellen in het beenmerg heeft. In het beenmerg zijn EPO cellen de voorstadia van rode bloedcellen. Het heeft twee belangrijke functies voor deze cellen: het bevorderen van een snellere productie en het handhaven van de levensvatbaarheid. Als er een tekort aan zuurstof in de weefsels is zorgt EPO ervoor dat er nieuwe, jonge rode bloedcellen gevormd worden. EPO reguleert dus de vorming van rode bloedcellen in het beenmerg. Sporters gebruiken deze doping om een betere prestatie te kunnen leveren. Dankzij EPO kunnen ze me er zuurstof in hun bloed opnemen en dus langer presteren (ze verzuren minder snel) EPO wordt door het menselijk lichaam zelf aangemaakt, maar het kan tegenwoordig ook in laboratoria gefabriceerd worden. Het is alleen werkzaam als het ingespoten wordt. Als je EPO zou inslikken door middel van een pil dan wordt het gewoon verteerd. Dan komt het dus niet in het bloed en is het dus ook niet werkzaam. Het effect van ingespoten EPO kan ongeveer drie maanden duren. EPO heeft ook nadelen. Het risico van het toedienen van EPO is dat het bloed te stroperig en dik kan worden. Hierdoor loopt de sporter een verhoogd risico op een hartaanval, een beroerte of trombose. Dit is waarschijnlijk ook de doodsoorzaak van de in het voorwoord genoemde Puerta. EPO wordt vooral gebruikt in de duurstort. Dus vooral in het wielrennen, zwemmen en in de loopsport. Het veroorzaakt zoals gezegd vooral een verbetering van het uithoudingsvermogen, en niet van de spierkracht. Bekende EPO-zondaars zijn Richard Virenqu e en David Millar, dit zijn bij de profwielrenners. Er zijn ook natuurlijke manieren om het effect van EPO te kunnen evenaren, bovendien hoeven hier ook geen injecties voor worden te gebruikt. Een van de manieren om het op een natuurlijke manier maken is trainen op grote hoogte. Door de lagere hoeveelheid zuurstof in de lucht, stimuleert het lichaam de aanmaak van extra rode bloedcellen. Dit gebeurt echter niet zoveel als EPO dat doet, het bloed wordt ook niet dikker. Een voordeel van deze methode is dat ook de longen en het hart sterker worden, dit komt door het trainen op hoogte. Ze moeten dan harder werken en worden dus krachtiger. Anabolica Anabolen zijn een drugs die ervoor zorgt dat je spieren meer eiwitten aanmaken, waardoor de spieren sterker worden en in omvang toenemen, omdat ze veel sneller groeien. Deze drug wordt gebruikt door sporters die hun spierkracht en explosiviteit willen vergroten. Daarom zal deze drug veel worden gebruikt in een sport waarbij veel spierkracht vereist is, zoals bijvoorbeeld bodybuilding, rugby en boksen. Gebruikers van anabolen, gebruiken ook diuretica (plaspillen), hierdoor verliezen ze gewicht. De reden dat dit door bijvoorbeeld boksers gebruikt wordt, is omdat ze dan in een lagere gewichtsklasse kunnen boksen. Bij sporters die anabolen gebruiken, moet je niet alleen aan de vechtsport denken, maar het wordt ook veel in de atletiek gebruikt, bij bijvoorbeeld sprinters of verspringers. Hun kunnen de explosieve kracht vooral gebruiken voor de korte afstanden. Het middel nandrolon (anabolica) zorgt ervoor dat je na een zware inspanning heel snel hersteld. Jaap Stam, Edgar Davids en Frank de boer zijn betrapt op gebruik van dit middel. Nandrolon komt ook vaak voor in voedingssupplementen, ze hadden als reden gebruikt dat het middel bij hun was aangetroffen, omdat ze vervuilde voedingssupplementen hadden geslikt. Er zijn dus bepaalde voordelen van anabolen, zoals een veel grotere kracht, wat zal leiden tot grotere spierkracht, grotere spiermassa. Maar de voordelen kunnen lang niet opwegen tegen de nadelen. Er zijn ontzettend veel bijwerkingen door het gebruik van anabolen. Anabolen veroorzaken vierhonderd keer meer bijwerkingen dan alle medicijnen bij elkaar (titel van een artikel) Een paar van de bijwerkingen zijn: *haaruitval *vaak en langdurige hoofdpijn *verslechtering van de ademhaling *borstontwikkeling (bij mannen) *optreden van levertumoren *door een vergroting van de spiermassa, wordt het risico van spierbeschadiging aanzienlijk groter *lagere stem *grote kans op nierziektes (nierstenen) *last van de blaas, vaker naar toilet *geen volledige botontwikkeling (bij onvolgroeide botten) *vergrote kans op hartaandoeningen *bijwerkingen m.b.t genitalià «n *veel last van acne *psychische bijwerkingen zoals, agressie, depressie en slaapstoornissen ( meest voorkomende bijwerkingen) Er zijn nog wel wat bijwerkingen, maar dit zijn de meest opvallende. Je ziet dus dat de voordelen lang niet zo groot zijn als de nadelen van het gebruik van anabolen. Je zou denken dat als je zo de nadelen op een rijtje zet amper gebruik wordt gemaakt van deze drug. Dit is niet juist uit de onderstaande figuur kun je afleiden dat er wel degelijk wat gebruik gemaakt wordt van anabolen. Anabolengebruik per leeftijd Ook kun je afleiden dat er vanaf het 16e levensjaar het gebruik redelijk begint toe te nemen. Maar de leeftijdsgroep tussen de 18 en 26 maken verreweg het meeste gebruik van anabolen. Na deze leeftijden neemt het gebruik flink af. Cocane De meeste mensen kennen cocane alleen als een recreatief middel maar het wordt echter ook gebruikt in de sportwereld. De meest voorkomende effecten van cocane zijn: een sterk opwekkend effect, het vergeten van je zorgen, je krijgt een energieboost, en je bent bijna gevoelloos (dus je voelt bijna geen pijn) Dus als sporters een grote prestatie moeten leveren kan het helpen om cocane te gebruiken. (ARA)NESP, HemAssist, Oxyglobine en RSR-13 Deze drugs worden genoemd als de opvolgers van doping en hebben ongeveer dezelfde werking. Het zuurstoftransport wordt door EPO verbetert en ook door bovengenoemde drugs, dat hebben ze met elkaar gemeen. Een nieuwe methode is het toedienen van bloeddoping, hierbij wordt bloed, rode bloedcellen of verwante bloedproducten bij de sporter genjecteerd. Gentherapie Sporters zouden ook gentherapie kunnen gebruiken om hun lichaam te herconstrueren voor prestatieverbetering. In de tabel hieronder staan enkele genen die de sportprestaties zouden kunnen verbeteren. Amfetamine (speed) Amfetamine is een synthetische drug, het is beter bekend als speed. Amfetamine is zeer verslavend, vooral omdat mensen lusteloos worden als ze het niet gebruiken. Het werkt stimulerend en zorgt dat je slapeloos wordt. De lust tot eten of drinken word minder, daardoor werd het vroeger nog gebruikt als vermageringsmiddel maar tegenwoordig is het verboden. Amfetaminegebruik kan leiden tot ernstige lichamelijk problemen zoals hart en leverfalen. Het heeft ook psychische bijeffecten, je kunt er paranode van worden. Amfetamine is een zogenaamd sympathicomimeticum; het bootst de werking van het sympathische zenuwstelsel na. In het sympathische zenuwstelsel werken belangrijke neurotransmitters als noradrenaline en adrenaline. Amfetamine zorgt ervoor dat deze stoffen extra veel vrijkomen. De activering van het sympathische zenuwstelsel vindt normaalgesproken plaats bij gevaar of spanning. Het lichaam moet dan snel kunnen reageren, de stofwisseling is dan even minder belangrijk en het hongergevoel verdwijnt. Als je amfetamine gebruikt, krijg je dus veel energie, ga je veel praten en kun je last hebben van onwillekeurige bewegingen van het lichaam. Men zweet ook meer en kan hoofdpijn krijgen. Het wordt dus als doping gebruikt omdat je er meer energie van krijgt. Waar komt het woord doping vandaan? Het woord doping is afkomstig uit Engeland. In Zuid-Oost Afrika werd een sterke drank gebruikt als een stimulerend middel, deze drank heette dop. In 1889 komt het echte woord doping voor het eerst voor in een Engels woordenboek. Methodes toediening doping Doping kan op verschillende manier worden toegediend. Wij laten hier een aantal methodes zien hoe men de doping in het lichaam krijgt. Bloeddoping Als een sporter bloeddoping wil gebruiken dan laat hij zes tot twaalf weten voor de wedstrijd bloed aftappen. Het gevolg hiervan is dat ze gaan trainen met een kleiner bloedvolume. Op de dag van de wedstrijd laten de sporters hun eerder afgetapte bloed weer inbrengen door middel van een infuus. Dankzij dit nieuwe bloed neemt het bloedvolume à ©n het hemoglobinegehalte in het bloed toe. Hierdoor kunnen de sporters meer zuurstof opnemen en hebben ze dus een groter uithoudingsvermogen. Het is natuurlijk niet zo gek dat bloeddoping vaak bij duurlopers wordt aangetroffen. Het is ook mogelijk om donorbloed te gebruiken in plaats van het eigen bloed, het nadeel hiervan is echter dat er een risico is op virusinfecties, allergische reacties en afstoot reacties. De algemene bijwerkingen van bloeddoping zijn: bloedstolsels, koorts en koude rillingen. Farmacologische, chemische en fysieke manipulatie Farmacologische, chemische en fysieke manipulatie dienen ervoor om de betrouwbaarheid van de tijdens de dopingcontrole afgenomen urine te benvloeden. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het afgeven van oude of andermans urine, of het toevoegen van stoffen aan de afgegeven urine. Ook het gebruik van epitestosteron, dat het gebruik van testosteron verhult en diuretica vallen onder deze groep. Het IOC stelt manipulatie van een dopingcontrole gelijk aan het gebruik van doping. Waarom is doping slecht? * Doping is oneerlijk. Bij een echte wedstrijd gaat het erom wie de beste, sterkste of snelste is. Als er dan doping wordt gebruikt door een paar sporters, dan worden de niet-dopinggebruikers de dupe. Er is dan geen gelijke kans meer. * Doping kan gevaarlijk zijn. Dat zien we doordat sommige dopinggebruikers een wedstrijd niet overleven. Het lichaam wordt door de doping zo erg uitgeput en vergiftigd dat dit tot gevaar kan leiden. * Doping kan ook andere sporters in gevaar brengen. Als er bijvoorbeeld een wielerrenner ten val komt door zijn dopinggebruik, kunnen heel veel andere renners ten val komen als ze over de desbetreffende renner heen vallen Controles Sporters en doping, het lijkt nooit op de houden. De sporters en organisaties/sponsors hebben er natuurlijk dagelijks mee te maken. En de jacht naar dopinggebruikers is heviger dan ooit. Wat spookt de sporter uit, ook als hij alleen maar traint. En wat doet de sporter dan? De sporters zelf huiveren, waar blijft hun privacy? Zijn ze bij voorbaat al verdacht? Maar de dopingjagers kennen geen genade. Ze verzinnen telkens nieuwe listen. In de topsport willen dopingcontroleurs altijd weten waar een atleet zich bevind, zo kunnen ze hem onverwachts controleren. Dat is nodig, omdat doping vaak tijdens trainingsperioden wordt gebruikt om conditie en kracht op te bouwen. De dopingcontroleurs hebben als doel dat de topsport dopingvrij wordt en dat er gelijke regels komen voor sporters in alle landen. Veel sporters vinden de strenge meldregels maar niets en vinden de controles een inbreuk in hun privacy. Dat er ook veel gecontroleerd wordt in voetbal en hockey vinden de beoefenaars maar raar. Zij vinden dat het meer moeite kost dan dat het oplevert. Er is wel een plan dat sporters zelf mogen bepalen welk uur van de dag ze beschikbaar zijn voor controles. De controleurs vinden dit een redelijk compromis, waar de sporters goed mee zouden kunnen leven. Als een sporter dit ook niet wil heeft hij een probleem. Bescherming van privacy is belangrijk, maar het gaat ook om de schone sport. Als je naar dopingcontroles kijkt is er wat betreft het aantal dopingcontroles doorgaans een groot verschil tussen dopinggevoelige en andere sporten. Dit blijkt uit een ronde langs dertig topsporters. Schaatsen en wielrennen steken er in Nederland met kop en schouders bovenuit als het gaat om de meeste controles. Bij de meest dopinggevoelige sporten spelen zaken als uithoudingsvermogen en kracht vaak een doorslaggevende rol. Prestatiebevorderende middelen hebben, zo blijkt uit onderzoek, hebben daar meer effect dan in de zogenoemde spelsporten of behendigheidssporten waar zaken als inzicht en techniek geregeld doorslaggevend zijn. Het blijkt dat wielrenners gemiddeld twintig keer per seizoen gecontroleerd worden, dit gebeurd dan meestal rond wedstrijden. Ook als een topsporter bijvoorbeeld wereldkampioen is kan hij veel meer controles verwachten. Een goed voorbeeld van een sporter die vorig seizoen enorm veel gewonnen heeft is de schaatser Sven Kramer. Hij zegt dat hij vorig seizoen zo ongeveer vijfentwintig keer gecontroleerd is! Behalve voor wielrennen en schaatsen gelden ook atletiek en zwemmen als dopinggevoelige sporten. Zij zijn na de wielrenners en schaatsers de sporters die het meest gecontroleerd worden. Ook in deze sporten geldt dat hoe dichter een atleet de wereldtop nadert, hoe vaker de controleur langskomt. Na deze sporten volgt het voetbal als meest geteste sport, maar hier verschilt het aantal tests per individuele sporter. Ajacied George Ogararu zegt dit jaar twee keer gecontroleerd te zijn, terwijl Klaas-Jan Huntelaar in zijn hele loopbaan slechts vier keer een plas heeft moeten inleveren. De controleurs * De Nederlandse Dopingautoriteit, in Capelle aan de IJssel, voerde vorig jaar 2.825 controles uit. De kosten daarvan bedroegen meer dan 780 duizend euro. * De Dopingautoriteit controleert een groep sporters van 59 bonden, waarbij het niveau (nationale top) het criterium is: van biljart tot voetbal. * Sporters die een Nederlandse controleur treffen, hebben altijd iemand tegenover zich die in dienst is van de Dopingautoriteit. Maar de opdrachtgever is niet altijd hetzelfde. Verreweg de meeste controles (2.211 in het jaar 2006) hebben plaats in het kader van het nationale antidopingprogramma, gefinancierd door de sportkoepel NOC*NSF. * Daarnaast krijgt de Dopingautoriteit ook van (internationale) sportfederaties opdrachten. In het jaar 2006 gebeurde dat in totaal 614 keer. De Dopingautoriteit voerde in 2006 uitsluitend urinecontroles uit. Dat gebeurde in 33 procent van de gevallen rondom trainingen of bij sporters thuis. Tegen 52 sporters (41 mannen en 11 vrouwen) werd een zaak aanhangig gemaakt wegens overtreding van de reglementen. De krachtsporten waren daarin het best vertegenwoordigd als het ging om prestatiebevorderende middelen. Vijf rugbyers hadden in hun urine sporen die wezen op het gebruik van cannabis, cocane of amfetamine. In totaal werden twaalf sporters betrapt op het roken van een jointje, drie op het gebruik van cocane. * Soms zijn er in Nederland ook buitenlandse dopingcontroleurs actief. Die werken voor de mobiele brigades van de internationale sportfederaties. * Naast de NOC*NSF (internationale) sportfederaties kunnen ook particuliere organisaties opdracht geven tot controles. Het bekendste voorbeeld daarvan is de organisatie van de Ronde van Frankrijk (Tour de France). In Nederland onderwerpt onder meer de Rabo-wielerploeg zijn renners aan dopingcontroles. Ons onderzoek: Interviewen van bepaalde sportmensen Om verder in te gaan op het gebruik van doping in de sport gaan we een paar verschillende interviews opnemen bij verschillende sporters, zodat we dieper ingaan op het gebruik van drugs in verband met de sport. Ook willen we meer te weten komen over de ervaringen die sporters opdoen in hun sport, gedurende hun loopbaan. Door verschillende type sporters te ondervragen kunnen we de verschillen in het drugsgebruik in een bepaalde tak van de sportwereld onderzoeken. Zo komen we bijvoorbeeld tot de conclusie dat er in het wielrennen meer gebruik gemaakt wordt van drugs dan in de atletiek. De verschillende interviews vergelijken we dan en hieruit kunnen we weer bepaalde dingen afleiden. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Beste Jack van Hulten, Wij (Jasper Kerstes en Bob van Asten) moeten voor school een profielwerkstuk maken. Hiervoor moeten we ook onderzoek doen, dit doen we door middel van interviews. Het onderwerp is drugs (doping) in sport. We interviewen U omdat we dit onderwerp willen bekijken vanuit verschillende takken van sport. We vragen U om de vragen zo uitgebreid mogelijk te beantwoorden. 1.Hoelang fluit u al? Ik fluit vanaf sinds augustus 1987 amateurs en betaald voetbal vanaf 1 juli 1992 2.Wat zijn de mooiste momenten uit uw fluitcarrià ¨re? De wedstrijden die ik het mooist vond om te fluiten waren: Ajax PSV (Johan Cruyf schaal 2002) FC Viking Chelsea (Uefa Cup 2002) 3.Wat vind u van dopinggebruik in sport in het algemeen, en in het voetbal? Degene die betrapt worden op dopinggebruik moeten voor hun leven geschorst worden. 4.Weet u ervan dat er soms doping gebruikt wordt in het voetbal? (vooral cocane en EPO, aan EPO is de Spaanse international Antonio Puerta aan overleden) Ik heb dit via de media inderdaad vernomen, ik vind het erg triest maar toch ook eigen schuld dikke bult. 5.Heeft u wel eens meegemaakt of gedacht dat een voetballer dopingmiddelen gebruikt heeft tijdens een wedstrijd? Nee, dit heb ik nog nooit meegemaakt. 6.Weet u wat u moet doen als een speler zijn bewustzijn verliest tijdens een wedstrijd? Ja, ik ben zelf opgeleid als BHV-er met cursus reanimatie. Echter ik zal zeker de wedstrijd meteen stoppen en er spoedig een arts bijhalen, dat zijn immers de specialisten. 7.Snapt u dat veel sporters tegenwoordig snel doping gebruiken? Nee, je gaat in de sport een uitdaging met jezelf aan, dat wil zeggen met je eigen lichaam. Hard werken (trainen) en gezonde voeding zijn de enige juiste bouwstenen, dus ik vind doping gebruik onnodig en niet eerlijk. 8.Kent u de gevolgen die sommige soorten doping kunnen hebben? Ik heb er wel eens een tv-programma over gezien. De gevaren zijn duidelijk aanwezig dus moet dit al meer dan een voldoende waarschuwing zijn om er niet aan te beginnen! 9.Vind u dat voetballers vaker gecontroleerd moeten worden op gebruik van doping? Dit gebeurd namelijk nog niet veel. Ik weet dat dit inderdaad niet veel gebeurd, wat mij part mogen profvoetballers na elke wedstrijd gecontroleerd worden. 10.Vind u dat sommige doping gelegaliseerd moet worden, of moeten alle stimulerende middelen verboden worden? Ik zou het liefst zien dat alle doping verboden wordt. Er moet ervoor gezorgd worden dat topsport puur natuurlijk blijft. 11.EPO is een middel dat ervoor zorgt dat bloed meer zuurstof kan opnemen, en is in kleine doseringen niet gevaarlijk. Vind u dat iemand met een slechte conditie EPO zou mogen gebruiken? Nee, in geval van een slechte conditie moet je of harder trainen of anders niet deelnemen in competitieverband. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Jef van vliet, begeleider internationale scheidsrechters. Hoelang fluit u gefloten?. Ik heb gefloten van 1969 tot 1997, waarvan de laatste 15 jaar in het betaalde voetbal. Wat doet u nu precies in de voetbal wereld? Op dit moment ben ik docent opleidingen scheidsrechters, ik beoordeel de scheidsrechters in het betaalde voetbal en daarnaast begeleid ik de scheidsrechters bij internationale wedstrijden in Nederland. Wat zijn de mooiste momenten uit uw fluitcarrià ¨re? De 4 jaar welke ik als internationaal scheidsrechter heb gefungeerd en daarnaast o.a. de bekerfinale Ajax-Heerenveen in 1996. Wat vind u van dopinggebruik in sport in het algemeen, en in het voetbal? Doping hoort niet in de sport thuis. Weet u ervan dat er soms doping gebruikt wordt in het voetbal? (vooral cocane en EPO, aan EPO is de Spaanse international Antonio Puerta aan overleden) Dat is iets wat je niet hard kunt maken, maar zal zeker wel voorkomen. Heeft u wel eens meegemaakt of gedacht dat een voetballer dopingmiddelen gebruikt heeft tijdens een wedstrijd? Niet zelf meegemaakt, maar dat wil natuurlijk niet zeggen dat het niet gebeurd. Weet u wat u moet doen als een speler zijn bewustzijn verliest tijdens een wedstrijd? Ja dat weet ik, daar zijn standaard afspraken over. Snapt u dat veel sporters tegenwoordig snel doping gebruiken? Ik snap dit niet, sport hoort zuiver te zijn, dus zonder doping. Kent u de gevolgen die sommige soorten doping kunnen hebben? Jazeker, kijk maar naar Maradonna, wat is er over van de sportman? Vind u dat voetballers vaker gecontroleerd moeten worden op gebruik van doping? Dit gebeurd namelijk nog niet veel. In het Nederlandse betaalde voetbal word er wekelijks gecontroleerd, en zeker bij internationale wedstrijden. Vind u dat sommige doping gelegaliseerd moet worden, of moeten alle stimulerende middelen verboden worden? Binnen elke sport dan ook moeten stimulerende middelen verboden worden. Sport hoort clean te zijn, anders is het natuurlijk niet eerlijk. EPO is een middel dat ervoor zorgt dat bloed meer zuurstof kan opnemen, en is in kleine doseringen niet gevaarlijk. Vind u dat iemand met een slechte conditie EPO zou mogen gebruiken? Nee, dan moet een sporter maar gewoon niet meedoen of meer trainen want sport hoort clean te zijn zoals ik bij de vorige vraag al zei. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Interview met Michel Stolker, een oud-profwielrenner. Wij (Jasper Kerstes en Bob van Asten) moeten voor school een profielwerkstuk maken. Hiervoor moeten we ook onderzoek doen, dit doen we door middel van interviews. Het onderwerp is drugs (doping) in sport. We interviewen U omdat we dit onderwerp willen bekijken vanuit verschillende takken van sport. We vragen U om de vragen zo uitgebreid mogelijk te beantwoorden. Wat zijn uw grootste sportprestaties? 7e In de ronde van Spanje (22 dagen) Winnaar van de Midi Libre (meerdaagse wielerwedstrijd in Zuid-Frankrijk) in 1962. Hier reed ik dankzij een enorm goede vorm het peloton op 20 minuten en werd ik niet teruggepakt en reed vele tegenstanders eraf Etappes in de Ronde van Italià « en in de Ronde van Spanje. Drie deelnames aan de Tour de France (1956, 1957 en 1962) Ik was vooral knecht in de meeste ploegen (dit betekent dat hij vooral voor de toppers is zijn ploeg moest rijden) Dit deed ik vooral voor Jacques Anquetil, wat die man kan was echt onvoorstelbaar! Topsport is ontzettend zwaar, als je goed wilt rijden moet je enorm veel trainen, hierdoor verminder het sociale contact heel erg. Heeft u veel overwinningen geboekt in uw carrià ¨re als profwielrenner? Ik heb in de Ronde van Lombardije het bergklassement gewonnen, de Midi Libre en vele andere koersen. In totaal heb ik 25 koersen gewonnen, waarvan 20 zonder doping gebruik en 5 met. Hoeveel jaar heeft u als profwielrenner gereden en voor welke ploegen? Ik heb 11 jaar als prof gefietst in de volgende ploegen:  · 1956 Locomotief-Vredestein  · 1957 Locomotief-Vredestein  · 1958 Magneet-Vredestein  · 1959 Magneet-Vredestein  · 1960 Helyett-Fynsec-Leroux  · 1961 Helyett-Fynsec-Hutchinson  · 1962 Saint-Raphael-Helyett  · 1963 Saint-Raphael-Gitane  · 1964 KAS-Kaskol  · 1965 Fyffes  · 1966 Willem II-Gazelle Wat vindt u van de vele dopingschandalen in de tour van de laatste jaren? Het is een grof schandaal hoe het nu gaat in de wielerwereld, ik zal een voorbeeld geven. Toen Jan Ullrich uitging in een discotheek waar wel 2000 mensen waren, werd hij gepakt op verdenking van drugs/doping gebruik. Dus alleen Ullrich terwijl ruim de helft van de aanwezige doping gebruikte, dit vind ik echt niet kunnen. Ik wil overigens wel zeggen dat de Tour de France goed te rijden is zonder doping. Het is eigenlijk ook triest als je naar de medische wereld kijkt, tegenwoordig schrijven doctoren enorm veel middelen uit, je krijgt overal wat voor. Maar wielrenners mogen eigenlijk niets hebben. Wat ik ook bijna zeker weet is dat Lance Armstrong doping heeft gebruikt, hij werd in 1993 wereldkampioen en kreeg in 1996 teelbalkanker. Hoe kan iemand die zo jong is nou teelbalkanker krijgen? Ik denk dat het komt omdat hij grote hoeveelheden doping kreeg. Er zijn zoveel dingen waardoor je beter gaat rijden, ik noem anabolen en hormoonpreparaten. Doping is heel verleidelijk, vaak is de pakkans klein (vooral vroeger) dus dan gebruikte je doping. Vooral het vele geld heeft de sport naar de klote geholpen. Wat vindt u van dopinggebruik in het algemeen? Als je naar sporters in het algemeen kijkt, vooral in het voetbal, zijn ze enorm gespierd en erg groot. Ik denk niet dat dit alleen komt door training, ze moeten wel wat gebruiken, waarschijnlijk zijn het anabolen. Het grote geld dat er tegenwoordig in de topsport rondgaat doet rare dingen met mensen. Ik zal hier ook een voorbeeld van geven. Jaren geleden werden er een heleboel sporters aangesproken. Zij kregen een vraag voorgeschoteld gekregen: Ik kan van jou een olympisch kampioen maken, maar dan moet je wel enorm veel pillen waar je binnen 5 jaar van dood kunt gaan, zou je het doen? Deze vraag werd door 72% beantwoord met ja! Dit zegt toch wel iets over hoe graag mensen willen winnen en waarom ze naar doping grijpen. Het is geen goede zaak maar veel sporters kijken vooral naar de voordelen. Gebruikte u veel stimulerende middelen (geen doping) maar drankjes, suikers en dergelijke in uw carrià ¨re? Ja, dit moet wel want dat is essentieel. Ik at tijdens mijn wielercarrià ¨re veel rijstevla, glucosetabletten, bananen en heel veel suiker. Je moet wel veel eten anders red je het niet en kun je niet meer verder, je kunt namelijk de hongerklop krijgen. Dan wordt alles zwart en ben je niet meer in staat om fatsoenlijk te rijden. Wat heeft u allemaal meegemaakt met doping tijdens uw prof wielercarrià ¨re? Wij kregen veel spullen aangeboden maar er werd zelden of nooit gecontroleerd. Ik heb in mijn carrià ¨re niet meegemaakt dat renners bewusteloos raakte of overleden door doping. Heeft u er wel eens aan gedacht zelf doping te gebruiken en zo ja waarom en wat voor soort doping? Ja, ik wilde beter presteren daarom heb ik doping gebruikt. Iedere profsporter wil zo goed mogelijk presteren, dit ten koste van bijna alles. Je leeft echt als het ware voor je sport, de rest komt pas op de tweede plaats. Ik heb niets over mijn dopinggebruik te verbergen, ik vind het juist goed dat ik het eerlijk toegeef. De mensen w

Working With Multiracial Students Essay example -- melting pot, interra

America has always been considered the melting pot of the world, but in recent years with the climb in the number of interracial marriages, (Root 1996) American school systems must learn how to cater to the needs of multiracial students. In this paper, multiracial â€Å"refers to people who are of two or more racial heritages. It is the most inclusive term to refer to people across all racial mixes. Thus it also includes biracial people† (Root 1996). Multiracial students face problems with developing their racial identity and feeling approval from peers who are not mixed, making their experiences in school more difficult especially in a social context (Gibbs 1990 as sited in moss and davis). For current and future educators, this means that there will be a growing need to support students from mixed backgrounds and create curriculums that cater to their needs as well as give those students positive perspectives on their racial make up. This paper will explore the complications that multiracial students face with their identity development and how schools and teachers can positively impact this development. Multiracial students face many problems coming to terms with their racial identity due to the inability to fall under a mono-racial category. In recent years, the amount of biracial births are out numbering the amount of mono-racial births, and these children will soon be entering the school system (Root 1996) with new unique problems when concerning their own racial identity. According to Poston, â€Å"Racial identity is defined as "pride in one's racial and cultural identity" (1990, p. 152 as cited in counseling biracial students). Compared to mono-racial peers, multiracial students are faced with constant conflicts over how to embrac... ... all aspects that make up their racial identity (Root 1996). Multiracial inclusion can be laced into everyday activities and projects. Works Cited Harris, H. L. (2006). African american school counselors: Their perceptions of biracial individuals. Journal Of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 34(1/2), 1-19. Chiong, J. A. (1998). Racial categorization of multiracial children in schools. Greenwood Press Moss, R. C., & Davis, D. (2008). Counseling biracial students: A review of issues and interventions. Journal Of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 36(4), 219-230. Wallace, K. R. (2004). Working with multiracial students : Critical perspectives on research and practice. Greenwich, Conn: Information Age Publishing. Root, M., P., (1996) The multiracial experience: Racial borders as the new frontier. Copyright 1996 by Sage Publications, Inc.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Program Essay -- Genetics

Approximately 490,000 babies are born every day worldwide. About 11,000 babies are born each day in the United States alone, which means that at least eight babies are born every minute. Whether a pregnancy is planned for or not, the size, physical characteristics, and intellectual capabilities of a baby are predetermined by the chromosomes that combine in the mother during fertilization. The possibility and probability of a baby having any number of genetic diseases is also determined by genes and the embryo that is fertilized. In 1967, however, a study done by British scientists Robert Edwards and David Gardner paved the way for a life-altering scientific program now known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis, or PGD (Jha, 1). Edwards originally became interested in and began researching about couples with infertility problems while attending the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, in the 1950’s. Previously, studies had proven that it was possible for egg cells from rabbits to be fertilized outside of the body. It was shown that if sperm was mixed with the egg cells in an appropriate environment, then the embryos could develop successfully without the need for another living system. With this knowledge, Edwards took it upon himself to continue the research at the National Institute for Medical Research in London, where he eventually discovered that it was also possible for human eggs to be fertilized outside of the womb. The first human embryo to be fertilized successfully outside of the human body was documented in 1969, followed by the first â€Å"test-tube† baby, Louise Brown, being born in 1978. Just two years later, the world’s first in-vitro fertilization centre, known as the Bou rne Hall Clinic, was founded by Edwards and Eng... ...aby, Please. Blond, Freckles -- Hold the Colic - WSJ.com." Business News & Financial News - The Wall Street Journal - Wsj.com. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. . "PGD - Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - Genetic Testing." HFEA - Fertility, Infertility, IVF, Embryo Research - Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Web. 20 Dec. 2011. . Silverman, Rachel Emma. "Designer Babies: Choosing Your Child’s Traits - The Juggle - WSJ." WSJ Blogs - WSJ. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. . Staff, Wsj. "Can Breakfast Cereal Help You Have a Boy? - The Juggle - WSJ." WSJ Blogs - WSJ. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. .

The Internet Beyond Human Control :: essays research papers

The Internet Beyond Human Control The Internet has started to change the way of the world during this decade. More homes, companies, and schools are getting hooked online with the Internet during the past few years. This change has started to become the new way of life present and future. The Internet system is so advanced it is ahead of our time. This system is becoming predominately used everyday, but every which way it works out this system ends up in a negative way. The Internet System has started to migrate in many schools. The Schools that are hooked online are mostly colleges. This is because the Internet is capable of flashing up pornographic picture or comments at anytime. Also their is many different chat lines that consist of a lot of profanity and violence. A majority of high school students are minors. This is why most colleges are hooked up online to the Internet system. The government is trying to figure out ways to police the Internet so this will not happen. The problem with that is it is a very hard task to do. It is almost guaranteed this will not happen for another five to ten years. Being hooked up online helps make high school easy to slide through. There is a student at Chichester Senior High School that has a home computer hooked online with the Internet system. So when he has a term paper due all he does is down load a term paper on the system with the same topic. He just puts his name on the paper, hands it in, and receives an A. In return when he hits college life he will not know how to write a term paper. This will cause him to drop out. I know other students do the same thing he does. Now students will come out of high school not well educated. The Internet system is set up in a way we can give and receive mail. This mail is called electronic mail usually known as e-mail. This mail will be sent to where you want it the second you click send with the mouse. The regular U.S. mail takes two days if you are sending mail from Philadelphia to Media. Now if you mail from coast to coast that could take up to two weeks. When my parents went to Mexico for two weeks they tried to send me a postcard, but I didn't receive it till the next day they came back. This could very well end up to become a problem. Soon no one will even want to use U.

Feminism in Hamlet

Feminism in Hamlet â€Å"Frailty, thy name is women†; Mother, thy name is greatness Loyalty or betrayal, nobody can definitely point out what the truth is; but something that seems like the truth may not always be correct. Truth usually hides behind the stage and needs to be found by knowing what the characters are actually thinking. The Queen acts as a controversial character in the play â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare. She marries her husband’s brother just after her husband’s death. â€Å"Treachery†, â€Å"recreance†, â€Å"conscienceless† become the symbols of her character.As a queen of noble lineage, she has superior power, but no access to speak freely. Everything she does is to protect her son Hamlet. The pitiful queen becomes the scapegoat in a play filled with male characters. She loves only her true husband-King Hamlet. Her weakness and sin is just a foolish pretense for male chauvinism. Weakness or sagacity may on th e surface appear to be just a result of a decision made on the spur of the moment. Queen Gertrude has always been a controversial character. â€Å"In 1848, Strachey called her â€Å"weak†; and Professor Nicoll declares her ‘Little more than a puppet’,† (Draper).Is Gertrude a symbol of weakness or sagacity? According to John William Draper’s understanding of Hamlet, he offers another perspective to understanding the queen. â€Å"Can Gertrude, indeed, have been so â€Å"weak†? This interpretation apparently is based on the vague accusations of the Ghost and on Hamlet’s bitter, but also vague, reproaches, and especially on his â€Å"Frailty, thy name is women,† early in the play† (Draper). Here Draper alters the discussion around Gertrude from focus on her frailty and weakness to argue that her actions are misunderstood by male characters who do not understand the complexity of female nature.In Act 1 Scene 2 Queen Gertrude s peaks to Hamlet about her perception of the circumstances they have been placed in since her husband’s death. Gertrude clearly articulates her belief in accepting what has been lost, and the necessity for her to continue on without longing for what can no longer be. Her husband has passed and she must now make decisions she does not like in order to maintain her position as Queen, and protect her son. She says: â€Å"let thine look like a friend on Denmark. Do not forever with thy vailed lids seek for thy noble father in the dust.Thou know’st ‘tis common; all that lives must die, passing through nature to eternity. †(Shakespeare, 1. 2. 69-74). Gertrude speaks rhetorically to Hamlet about her desire for him to continue with his life without longing desperately for his father, as she has been forced to do. The Queen is a normal woman who must play two different roles between her new husband and her son. She is distressed herself over the inharmonious relatio nship between Hamlet and Claudius. She attempts to tell Hamlet this, but he is too young and stubborn to understand the position she is in as a woman.Instead of understanding her, he forms an opinion of her being weak and frail, only thinking of herself. On one side is her husband, Claudius, who gives her comfort while she is helpless after the death of the King; on the other side is her dear son who is enraged over his father’s death. Although it appears that her motivation for marrying Claudius is selfish, she actually marries to secure Hamlet’s position as prince and maintain power over Denmark. No complaint, no grumble passes her lips, the only thing she is able to do is to tolerate it all. The reason Gertrude marries her husband’s brother is not because she loves him, or her vanity, it is because she wants to protect Hamlet. This is proven in the end of the play, when she drinks the poisonous wine which the King attempts to give to Hamlet. â€Å"Claudius t reats Gertrude with unfailing consideration, respect and love; for her sake, he tries to conciliate Hamlet, though at some personal risk, and even courts discovery of his last desperate plot to warn her against the poisoned goblet. † (Draper).It can be argued that because of this action the Queen has discovered Claudius’ guilt and is attempting to save Hamlet from the same fate as his father. The King asks Gertrude to â€Å"not drink† (Shakespeare. 5. 2. 293) the wine, but she responds, â€Å"I will, my lord; I pray you pardon me. †Ã‚   (Shakespeare. 5. 2. 294). Gertrude is hoping that Claudius will explain himself, and prevent her from drinking the poison. This is her way of letting him know she is aware of his regicide, and is no longer willing to be his idle accomplice despite his great affection.In saying this she is knowingly protecting Hamlet from drinking the poison, while also letting Claudius know she is on to him. Hamlet describes his mother as a, â€Å"wretched, rash, intruding fool† (Shakespeare 3. 4. 32). According to the opinion expressed by Harold Bloom, â€Å"All [Hamlet’s] life he had believed in [Gertrude]†¦ He had seen her not merely devoted to his father, but hanging on him like a newly-wedded bride, hanging on him†   (Bloom 21) However, he will never know who his mother was. Hamlet was staying abroad in England when is father died. Gertrude was helpless after King Hamlet’s death. However, Claudius gives her much comfort and encouragement, and as a result, she marries him. She sees Claudius as the reflection of the late King. As Steven Mullaney demonstrates â€Å"Remarriage might seem to resolve the threat posed by female independence. † (Mullaney 172) Remarriage plays an ironic role in the play, Gertrude indeed does not receive any independence but rather causes the tragedy that happens. It is tragic that her son thinks she is disloyal.Never is a statement made indicatin g the Queen’s knowledge of Claudius murdering his brother. She even seems to not trust Hamlet’s accusations about the King’s death because Hamlet has been behaving as if he is mad. During the conversation between she and Hamlet he tries to tell the truth, â€Å"A bloody deed-almost as bad, good Mother. As killing a king, and marry to his brother. † (Shakespeare 3. 4. 29-30), Hamlet instead accuses his mother of having knowledge of his father’s murder. This implies that Hamlet believes the Queen is selfish and deceitful.The Queen is confused by his accusation. â€Å"As Killing a King? † (Shakespeare, 3. 4. 31), she asks genuinely confused by his statement, and being innocent is hurt by his censure. At the beginning of the play, the Queen ask s Hamlet to get out from the sadness of the King’s death. What no one knows is that she is trying to tell herself the same thing. She seems to ‘step out’ from the shadow of the suddenl y French leave of her husband. She becomes a liar, she is silly, and childishly thinking that marrying her brother-in-law will keep her close to her husband.The audience and other ? characters are unaware of how much Gertrude loves the late King; this is due to her being perceived as weak, frail and of a lesser moral position than the men that surround her. Weakness is not a characteristic belonging to Gertrude. She is a great mother and wife, who is misrepresented to the audience vis-a-vis a one sided view- that of Hamlet. Hamlet says that he â€Å"must hold his tongue† (Shakespeare, 1. 2. 159) He acts as a male character in the play, although he is saying that he cannot express what he wants to, however he still can do what he likes.Beavering madly, arguing with his mother and even being rude to King Claudius. Whatever how bad deed Hamlet has done, people prefer to believe â€Å"he is mad†, but Gertrude makes one decision that appears to be bad, and people call herà ¢â‚¬  weak† and a treasonous wife; however her decision is also forced by the power of King Claudius, as he preys upon her fear and concern for her son and throne, convincing her that the only solution to reigning her country successfully is through another noble marriage. Sometimes, people judge others unfairly.Gertrude is a great mother who dedicates her life to protect her son and guard the little sanctity she has. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Bloom's Major Literacy Character- Hamlet. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004. Print. Draper, John Wiliam. â€Å"Queen Gertrude. † Draper, John Wiliam. The Hamlet of Shakesperae's audience. London: FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED, 1939. 108-121. Electronic. Mullaney, Steven. â€Å"Mourning and Misogyny. † Chedgzoy, Kate. Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender. New York: PALGRAVE, 2001. 172. Print. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. New York: New American Library, 1998. Print.

Fidm Essay Paper

Valencia MitchellFIDM Application Hi, I’m Valencia Mitchell, and I believe FIDM (Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising) is the right school for me. Since the age of 10-11, fashion has been one of those things that I just knew I had a passion for. From reading fashion magazines; memorizing many French, Scandinavian, Italian, and American fashion designers; keeping up with the trends and events on style. com, to catching up with fashion weeks all around the world online; I have finally found my place.I’m a very independent, social, determined, but goofy person. I love meeting new people. During my free time, I love to listen to music, draw, or watch movies. I love making people smile, and making their day better. I’m a junior in high school, but graduating early this upcoming year due to extra credits. No matter what I’m doing or where I am, I try to exceed the expectations that I have set for myself. I believe that FIDM is the perfect fit for me, be cause it mainly focuses on the occupation or industry you would like to work in.FIDM teaches you the inside and out’s of the industry, and prepares you for the future. For three years now, I have wanted to attend this school and I believe that FIDM will bring out the best of my abilities and make my future brighter. Ever since I was given a tour around the San Francisco campus, I have fallen even more in love with this school. The atmosphere, the energy, the display windows – it seemed like the school was made for me!This has made me even more excited for college and what my future will bring. The major that I’m applying for is Visual Communications. For the longest time, I wanted to be a fashion stylist. I loved how they didn’t just pick/choose and style the clothes – they tried to portray a story with props, location, and history as well. I’ve been a big fan of Grace Coddington (from Vogue), Camilla Nickerson, and Havana Lafitte. Visual Co mmunications takes all those things and puts into one.When I toured the campus in San Francisco, I noticed many display windows in which were designed by many visual communication students. Every window I came across was different in style, and the story told from what they designed. Being in a classroom is okay at times, but I like being interactive with projects, also. Since I’m a very big dreamer, I believe this major is perfect for me. Upon my graduation from FIDM, I know that I will have accomplished what I always wanted to do ever since the age of 10.I want to feel that I never gave up on my dream of being who I always wanted to be. I know I will become very proud of myself when I graduate from FIDM. I would have gain the experience that I needed to push forward and explore new opportunities. Hopefully by then, I would have made great connections with different clothing brands such as J. Crew, BCBG, or Anthropologie. I believe that with me receiving education from FIDM, it will help me reach new heights that I never knew I could reach. This is the first step to reaching those heights.

Louise Bourgeois Essay

Much can be learned from the environment within which we live. What we see tells a lot about the society in which we live: belief system; politics; economic undertakings; kinship and material culture among others. Through material culture, we can get insight into the world that existed long before us. Culture can be defined as the way of life of people depicting their shared experiences, political and religious beliefs, technology, insights, attitudes, and material objects. (Li & Karakowsky) The sublime can be defined as the priced greatness or vast intensity in terms of biological, moral, mental, metaphysical, beauty, art or religion. Sublime is experienced over and over. It is embedded in our history, being, values, thoughts, concepts, world views, beliefs, and is responsible for our personalities (Bernadac 2007 p20) Main Body One of America’s renowned artist and sculptor, Louise Bourgeois, managed to capture the American Sublime through her artistic undertaking. She was born in Paris, France in December 25, 1911 but traveled to America in 1938 to perfect her artistic endeavor. She studied mathematics at the Sorbonne, and painting and sculpture in Ecole du Louvre, Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and Art Students League of New York. She worked as an assistant to Fernand Henri Leger- a French sculptor, painter, and film maker. She is popular for her work that depicts spiders, sculptures, drawings and literary work (National Gallery of Canada 2005 p16). As a way of depicting the society in which she was living, Bourgeois’ work is full of inanimate images of horrifying fear, ghosts, darkness, tortured people, and disabling mental illness to attempt to get at the source of these emotions and to uphold normality even in times of chaos. Her works helped depict the intellectual climate, social and historical conditions that existed then. (Gorovoy et al 2006 pp 27 -28) She captured the effects of the First World War through carving limbless sculptures and detached limbs and had most of his paintings and sculptures painted black to depict death and mourning, (Gorovoy et al 2006 p 24) e. g. the two headless fabric bodies attempting to make love shown below. She depicts the revolution of the western politics, largely constructivism, through posters that expressed sympathy towards the Russian regime which she displayed in Moscow. The Tate Modern exhibition catalogue indicates her inclination towards Communism. Bourgeois made abstract art pieces that reflected on her childhood experiences showing how relationships within the family were entwined together thus bringing in the aspect of kinship, socialization and acculturation. This depicts how her art gives us insight to how children were brought up back then. (Lippard 2003 pp 9-10) Her Femme Maison and Fallen woman series introduced the aspect of liberation of women. They depicted a female struggling to outgrow some house like structures within which she is trapped – that is attempting to outgrow the masculinity into which the women were entrapped. She depicts a rebellion against the negative masculinity through her work, The Destruction of a Father, in which rock figures surround a sacrificial slab full of butchered body parts. Thus: It has been suggested that her sculpture, The Blind Leading the Blind, has a religious connotation. According to Desmond Michael and Lloyd Michael (1870-1970) Bourgeois, inspired by the Cold War, made this sculpture and that the title was picked from the New Testament verse (Matthew 15:14) that describes how a blind man leading another blind man would end up in a ditch. The structure is shown below (Bernadac 2007) Bourgeois’ contribution to the American Sublime is best captured in New York’s Guggenheim Museum, the Centre Pompidou in Paris and London’s Tate Modern with their massive collection of her art work. In conclusion, the American Sublime has been captured through art in poetry, carvings, paintings, songs, books, and which take us back to the origins of the cultures of past American societies. Just like the origins of the American sublime can be traced through studying works of art, similarly, so can we understand much about its revolution from the contemporary art works. Louise Bourgeois has managed to get this through her sculptures, drawings and works of art – reflecting abstract as well as tangible aspects of living that relate to feelings, political standing, material culture, religious inclination, beliefs and kinship. References Bernadac, M (2007) â€Å"Louise Bourgeois† Rizzoli International North America pp 18 – 24 Gorovoy, J. , Carver R. & Read C. (2006) â€Å"Louise Bourgeois† Bellport Press University of Michigan pp 21-35 Lippard R (2003) â€Å"Overlay: contemporary art and the art of prehistory† Pantheon Books NY pp 7-16 National Gallery of Canada (2005) â€Å"Louise Bourgeois Maman† National Gallery Canada press pp 14-17